NANP Board Practice Exam

The correct choice highlights that the kidneys are not primarily associated with the causative factors of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS is commonly linked to imbalances in hormones, particularly estrogen and progesterone, which play significant roles in the menstrual cycle and can result in the physical and emotional symptoms experienced during PMS.

The influence of adrenal dysfunction is also a notable aspect, as the adrenals are involved in stress responses and can impact hormonal balance. The thyroid, on the other hand, regulates metabolism and energy levels through hormones, which can interfere with menstrual health and symptoms associated with PMS if not functioning properly. Therefore, while the adrenals, estrogen and progesterone levels, and thyroid function are all relevant factors in PMS, the kidneys are not typically considered a direct contributing factor in this context.